water, wastewater, waste

Aim: to have closed water circulation in the area, to make people aware of this cycle (by a creative use of it), to protect the ground and ground water, to decrease the demand of drinking water, to improve the micro climate, to limit the leakage of nutrient products into inshore waters, to avoid the waste of energy resulting from conventional sewage purification, to put in place an economic rain water and waste water management.

Fields and Measures
>> Potable Water
>> Rainwater
>> Wastewater
>> Waste
>> Concepts
>> Examples
>> Links to further Information
>> Sources and Literature 		   
   
         
    Fields and Measures    
         
    Potable Water

Saving water by the use of more economic equipment/fittings, compost toilets and a change in personal habits

> potential savings: ca. 30% (drinking water)

> influence/responsibility: user

>> influence also on: Sealing of Soil 		   
         
  Rainwater

Replacement of drinking water by rainwater or grey water for use in toilets, washing machine, garden watering, car wash; installation for toilets: 10m² roof surface per inhabitant, with washing machine necessitating an additional 20 - 30m² (depending on the type of roof)

> potential savings: up to ca. 50% / 50 l per inhabitant and day (drinking water)

> influence/responsibility: client / architect

>> influence also on: Drinking Water, Wastewater    
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Possibility to seep away directly, minimisation of sealed surfaces, permeable surfaces

> potential savings: up to 50% (draining away of rainwater)

> influence/responsibility: development plan / architect

>> influence also on: Density of Development, Motor Traffic-Concept, Air Quality, Improvement of Climate, Natural Elements
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Saving of rainwater with green roofs, ponds

> potential savings: up to ca. 10% (draining away of rainwater)

> influence/responsibility: development plan / architect

>> influence also on: Air Quality, Urban Ventilation, Recuperation, Natural Elements, Habitat Network
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Natural rainwater management: infiltration over surfaces, basins and hollows, combinations with trench drain infiltration

> potential savings: up to 90-100% (draining away of rainwater)

> influence/responsibility: development plan

>> influence also on: Air Quality, Natural Elements
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Reducing the drainage away of rainwater, if possible draining away into inshore waters

> influence/responsibility: development plan

>> influence also on: Biotope System, Air Quality, Natural Elements
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Combinations (especially in areas of high density): permeable surfaces, trench drain infiltration, drainage ditches, reservoir drains

> potential savings: up to 90-100% (draining away of rainwater)

> influence/responsibility: development plan

>> influence also on: Density of Development
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Creative work with water, to make people in cities become aware of the cycle of water 

>> influence also on: Recuperation, Natural Elements 		   
         
    Wastewater

Use of a separate sewage system instead of a combined sewage system

> potential savings: ca. 25%

> influence/responsibility: development plan /city's department of works
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Use of compost toilets (different storage sizes, internal and external compost systems, with or without biological waste), separating toilet systems

> potential savings: ca. 45%

>> influence/responsibility: client / architect

>> influence also on: Waste, Natural Elements
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Black and/or grey water purification with wastewater sewage wetland plant:
planted filter beds, sealed to the soil (different variations in regard of charging, direction of current, plants and filling substratum)
pre-purification 5 m³ per inhabitant,
size of the filter bed 1-5 m² per inhabitant, average ca. 2 m²,
deepness of the construction 0,6 to 1m,
filter volume 2 m³,
to be used for up to 1000 inhabitants,
short connecting pipes are necessary,
structure depends on charging with grey or black water,
functioning is assured in summer and winter

> potential savings: up to 100% in housing areas

> influence/responsibility: development plan / management

>> influence also on: Development Sites, Density of Development, Air Quality, Natural Elements, Types of Mixed Use 		   
         
    Waste

Kinds of waste:
waste that can be decomposed biologically and has a concentrated form (biological waste and faeces with urine);
waste that can be decomposed biologically and has a diluted form (grey water);
short life consumer goods (above all packing);
long life consumer goods (for example furniture);
hazardous waste and rubbish
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Avoidance of waste through a change in consumer habits:
sharing of certain products, organised exchange of goods, "private delivery service", compost systems, compost toilets, biogas installations

> influence/responsibility: administrative district, community, architect / development plan

>> influence also on: Car-Sharing, Natural Elements, Heat Supply (housing), Heat Supply (work)
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Recycling and re-use:
separation of valuable products, interim storage, attractive design of the containers' location

> influence/responsibility: administrative district, community, architect / development plan

>> influence also on: Car-Sharing, Natural Elements
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Recycling of construction rubble, if possible in the area nearby

> influence/responsibility: architect, client
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Management of the soil:
to avoid big masses of soil being dug out, to leave dug out soil in the area

> influence/responsibility: architect / development plan

> influence also on: Natural Elements
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Amount and intensity of waste left over by a product rises proportionally with its technical complexity and its weight. Products like these (such as buildings, household appliances, entertainment electronics or cars) should be constructed for a long life, expansion and modernisation should be possible, and finally they should be easily dismantled and recycled.

> influence/responsibility: architect / development plan / industry

> influence also on: Town Structure 		   
         
    Concepts    
         
 

Combined vacuum drainage system:
rinsing with only 1l of water and separation of faeces and urine and other wastewater/grey water,
storage of faeces and biological waste, transportation and use in agriculture as fertiliser,
purification of urine and other wastewater in decentralised wastewater sewage wetland plants,
seeping away of rainwater with the help of trench drain infiltration and/or draining away into inshore waters

>> influence also on: Building Structure, Air Quality, Natural Elements
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Compost toilet products together with the biological waste are composted in the vicinity,
seeping away of rainwater with the help of  trench drain infiltration, purification of grey water in wastewater sewage wetland plants

>> influence also on: building structure, Air Quality, Natural Elements, Development Sites
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Compost toilet products together with the biological waste are used to produce biogas,
seeping away of rainwater with the help of  trench drain infiltration, purification of grey water in wastewater sewage wetland plants

>> influence also on: building structure, Air Quality, Natural Elements, Heat Supply for Housing, Heat Supply (offices)
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Composting of biological waste,
seeping away of rainwater with the help of  trench drain infiltration, purification of grey water in wastewater sewage wetland plants

>> influence also on: Air Quality, Natural Elements, Development Sites, Types of Mixed Use 		   
         
    Links to further Information

Naturnahe Regenwasserbewirtschaftung, Wasserkreislauf, Wasserpolitik: DIFU - Deutsches Institut für Urbanistik, Forum Stadtökologie

Aufbau und Dimensionierung einer Regenwassersammelanlage: Fa. Kallweit Solartechnik, Fa. Paradigma, Regenprofi-Verbund der Fa. Cordes, Fa. Wagner

Möglichkeiten der Regenwasserversickerung: EGLV - Emschergenossenschaft Lippeverband

Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Forschungs- und Diplomarbeiten: Professur für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft ETH Zürich

Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft, Vorlesungsskripte: Lehrstuhl für Wassergüte- und Abfallwirtschaft TU München

Wasser und Abwasser, Ver- und Entsorgung: Projekt OIKOS des Instituts für Stadt- und Regionalplanung TU Berlin

Naturnahe Entwässerung und Behandlung von Siedlungswasser, kleine Wasserkreisläufe - Brauchwasserrecycling, landschaftsökologischer Hochwasserschutz, Gewässer - Gewässerentwicklung: Arbeitsgebiet ökologische Wasserplanung, Fachbereich Stadt- und Landschaftsplanung, Uni Gesamthochschule Kassel

    
         
    Examples
  • Bielefeld Waldquelle: Trinkwasserversorung über Grundwasserbrunnen, Komposttoiletten, Pflanzenkläranlagen
  • Ökosiedlung in Hamburg-Allermöhe: Reinigung Schwarzwasser über Pflanzenkläranlagen
  • Hellbach, Recklinghausen, IBA Projekt: Renaturierung eines Wasserlaufs, Architekturbüro Dreiseitl, Überlingen
  • Joachim-Ringelnatz-Siedlung in Berlin-Marzahn: Regenwassersammlung und Versickerung, Planungsbüro Extern, Berlin
  • Berlin-Kreuzberg - "Block 6": Regenwasserteich, Pflanzenkläranlage, Grundwasserredotierung, Hans Loidl, Berlin
  • Küppersbuschgelände, Gelsenkirchen, IBA Projekt: Offene Ableitung und Sammlung von Regenwasser in einer Teichanlage, Szyskowitz/Kowalski, Graz
  • Ökokultureller Gewerbehof Frankfurt/Main: Regenwasserrückhaltung über Gründächer und Teiche, Pflanzenklärbecken, Regenwasserverwendung, Joachim Eble Architektur, Tübingen
    
         
    Sources and Literature
  • Bund für Umwelt- und Naturschutz Deutschland e.V., Misereor e.V. (Hrsg.): Zukunftsfähiges Deutschland - Kurzfassung, Bonn 1995
  • Bund für Umwelt- und Naturschutz Deutschland e.V. (Hrsg.): Zukunftsfähiges Deutschland - Leitbilder, Projektideen, Aktionsvorschläge, Bonn 1997
  • Daniels, Klaus: Technologie des Ökologischen Bauens - Grundlagen, Maßnahmen, Beispiele, Birkhäuser 1995
  • Dreiseitl, Herbert: "Ökologische Stadtentwässerung als neue sichtbare Qualität urbaner Räume" in: Wasserwirtschaft 84, Nr. 9 1994
  • Dreiseitl, Herbert: "Raum für Wasser in der Stadt" in: Garten und Landschaft Nr.1 1998, S.17ff
  • Geiger, Wolfgang; Dreiseitl, Herbert: Neue Wege für das Regenwasser - Handbuch zum Rückhalt und zur Versickerung von Regenwasser in Baugebieten, Oldenbourg Verlag 1995
  • Forum Vauban e.V. (Hrsg.): Handbuch für Vauban, Freiburg 1997
  • Ipsen, Detlev: Vortrag an der Universität, eigener Mitschrieb
  • Klatt, Reinhard: "Siedlungsgrün Schilf" in: Garten und Landschaft Nr.1 1998, S.33 ff
  • König, Klaus-Werner: "Regenwassernutzung als Komponente der Bauplanung" in: Garten und Landschaft Nr.1 1998, S.30ff
  • Lange, Jörg; Otterpohl, Ralf: Abwasser- Handbuch zu einer zukunftsfähigen Wasserwirtschaft, Mallbeton-Verlag 1997
  • Loidl, Hans:"Freiraum-Entwerfen am Beispiel des "Block 6", Berlin-Kreuzberg" in: Perspektiven Nr.4 1994
  • Mönninghoff, Hans (Hrsg.): Wege zur ökologischen Wasserversorgung, Ökobuch-Verlag 1988 und 1993
  • Schröder, Thies: "Berliner Wasser – alles klar?" in: Garten und Landschaft Nr.1 1998, S.26ff:
  • Sieker, Friedhelm: "Mulden statt Rohre - Der andere Umgang mit dem Regenwasser in der Stadt" in: db Nr.6 1993, S.99ff
  • Sieker, Friedhelm: Regenwasserentsorgung im Wohngebiet - Studie zur ökologisch orientierten Regenwasserentsorgung versiegelter Flächen, IBA Emscherpark Planungsgrundlagen, Gelsenkirchen 1992
  • Wuppertal-Institut für Klima, Energie, Umwelt GmbH, BUND, Misereor (Hrsg.): Zukunftsfähiges Deutschland, Birkhäuser 1997
  • Verschiedene Autoren: Wasser-Künste, Daidalos Themenheft März 1995
  • Verschiedene Autoren: Architecture & Water, Architectual Design Themenheft Nr.1,2 1995